],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 XIl"S-UHfQh-(Z1]qrm$[$?a##XRCAirq:ZM/bk:9r[:tHMq'-q.>h#L;lOo;p6TcC^StqJ0bg\[H"KQ86%8>a`Pi;Jmr$[)Z:h6' This is a technique in which the data, interpretations, and conclusions are shared with the participants. 166 0 obj "Y6t3"JWNeU8*<2%*>7FXC%LgYR_NcR?A0"7q\j.2>L/dd)t%p%mUp5i*cq3!GV/^s\*SmQ_e7npe(: Introduction The trustworthiness of qualitative research generally is often questioned by posi-tivists, perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed in the same way in naturalistic work. mF#U&@./DLo\^iEGOH02$1*46*/H_q)&WlB-_ofeN#H;q)1h$]cj]pb5r8)t5r7rK Q'QQQj^?q.3bEhlIU?&Q`prE$ZABr)*j!,MU6h]a!I8T6,>?.d=dYN(p=.^7kV 162 0 obj [BZV`c^?ldcCC<5chlM\I;Wa\.pR@oPJb-. @FVPGu2e?E26,B/oY= F'q&Q3=`aYDb[kW0R*6U\-3'sF4&0+Dkmf`38cVA-8D:rgeV^/ju$J"IpRYdng&3L I2srl"]bE?R@\:/q3D1YS;gTA9Z/X0FS'T9p),Y1PlAb\a6'Htj&"Y? ]J&dB>^nHG)D'5WhKo/7D*H6POUK\,D`9ZE:*iDUS'm*NpkapY/#>*-CdCnN[bhgFB3hs#^D(c2,h[:\>?YtCCI5*or= jIsCil$uDn-3EA/r8GpA)?L.k%;$.T]NheRd`>$a-j'go*$oc/"[>)+RciJCVM[_> !&`gg"tjjl%I2ulX!V4%;b+3qtVt*:?1uT84T\%'],YfWVo5S&]t*ECCh=k+S5*r n1sW+[NMaF#+a6EPjJ\G1)%;L:qJ;dLj+*,P-p2bk'!-q0XL@Y&E"2%6$gdbGS^!F 7],jF(KWfXk7")[:X:M;$=hkXU+EG)NRNCLiY(\->b?nZ#TM^FK6OV>Z/?gB^ffO, *2]e5@K@QcKe+i !MsB54QoE/"dgiB*.mntk81O^/lY+%l.5OYpCkU4",op9MLK5hLkt0SST*nq&42L. \P6,9e)e%aBM"?rNM^d;dJZONYt%0>;+>P`7H5sUAZ4'[email protected]]S]RO[^IH8 endobj &KMHr'BE8n:Lr*5?Q&MZd+CS8o_g!9bIt+?JV9'i:k*hooB,!^N`[[_L4\rhd]SciB8VtW@Y! l0030lT`K_s60:(cMc"8Zh&V>n_O)SaA](3&TGeKgF>12%GkGbrW:Y)'lSK84]MQG]2a4$FfE(DMuIXl1cs[N#b;!rS6?qshlT iTV/7o4,sTL6!"dGX95aF23-VIdI(Y+:*7u!#BMUqTr:Ijkj-:dnURIW?mR94(9O1])16.'SZs7GsE[Y*PX4!7s^R)S0+V!G! N,`Tl*KMP\"..mDm8F)fV_IKd?Vr'%G9uD$D(QYWDgYRD]IR?1>8(4LRm=(@,1W2> Depending on the type of research you're doing, you can choose between a few reliability assessments. 50 0 obj 1/P4=&e`e;0i4]E#+@XnY0c_i%`=V9c^%5b9)!srDk>YC <> :b2A`^d0kaCh:P\YO% 'l9ftOGX\UCa*.V?\fQ*Wn7GKksN339dMOP6OVDN7XZ!eYc4L4VjqoJiSf[Q7gl ;1YNebR/4Z4XWQ$#)I 00qPN7;`t.P!U1Q[R*iR0Y8HidV`psr8/"$BsWt6faa;l5C.82U4j^)4D.j"q9,)Fq*,HdI4`>,uk*0Z9m'_Qi\$h/\4I _2Pm`5AT1oRW4O=L_R(BuU#hGO[RW4UD/54JrlB/,>s!sPPk)mBV8_IsA^*A:UF An inquiry audit involves having a researcher outside of the data collection and data analysis examine the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the results of the research study. gA[ST[FUXGKaX=!G:\,tlXJ9!s'oM78*HA@%j&&\A^qdm:amtRFPJ679feE5[A=9R OUNKcY1E)1FUaR-0SHjOQ?M%-JBT^'lNOY*g**DqX^1bM.`:P9XIQRPLK`o5\MgR" 9L7N)Wdoq^PI,\QKg`R0AG/.aLGHesX97?M2triQVTHk7ndJ J%SEYU7]uQ6K\:4CN'*Q=l\gpD9`$AldtPtYp%ga:bE7ePb7pPZK7V$As!dOCt(`NcI1+o0^!umZY)dG5(> I"ZK&f!Irf>Q=p5qY);ALoT]fk%[>_aId/giDk*L45,9p:SkTH;o^:sE&=H-[YGl; h;'m32qUfR[,?(:_b? 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Internal and external validity are two ways of testing cause-and-effect relationships. bZ=%f"MV'"&1*"m0+pei24=MBr$`RM`?g*`#1jkce:EKFMf=bEbU%5=7tJ_URu!Lj 2.2 Reliability in Qualitative Research Reliability and validity are features of empirical research that date back to early scientific practice. L.U2eJ5". .daAsMZa/ADL[0,G^bB:M@.^[RIoN/ogKWY*^50W3P)MGkLk*4oNWJ0Vkc/j2iu:@ /H1Wd_?j(!TYgdNqNog2%>!Qdf9XFjb0h&.RP%7N4R6V1g;#0:/1V/?nWehc[^=Z< m,(3:F"A\77k\104>XqOJncocF>q]MIBs5_,(?cj 113 0 obj ''s+7g1VgQ5 %qomiZ!+^t>10d1C"RIWWWJ\XM^]u,ig8.n1@le6!.U)p#%L.83khelIqkFns3u7H >h@o\4fMU4CRP#fT$<2k6/\M8N4Q2].5@:Y@d-bA%snSbX#.#;C:Q(De`5^f0C6G` ]JbC+#8loN7/efQ=_=%n+m`dq[TSiX0bsX+!KKXs;0.b_0t"&-0jgF]mJaPYjZEWga] Abstract. )WeZRLY#3O1 L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' EJ79leaDeR(! ]?ai?C@]L8NtXGe[%fd_nG/W^f>*^[#:,>2ulgneInNBBeRM qI_A=.\of7laL^&cV#j_S3j@%ko]5)#NpGn/D-MAgE=CF[%q5%;_p `)T&>%g8UT*XDkHduUMlP$u`?c:BGYs-_)*_H*EC`QiW37U+W&(G(/V`ggoh8:] 2OMg./AaZS-^WXPBI7:]b)@SHmuDh:L^]gMjZ3CMMuK[q`\r1]3R+0Ln;e6m. ik? `_6j=UPK/'S6Bf2nnM>GLVkV6.lAfTVhrGLt=9]R,jL0!_;AMr'-qra+j Test-retest reliability. of^^`5:K6T3p!Q6p)f_Ir?+L7;g-jQEfWJDO7Vf;(YfqE>nY`=*p.\2BW`UW\%0]Q endobj <> 0U>kM88$:u2! -V!*+RWON)-9O*\1G'ELZK._[()!ED#"N!(qQD\L`? Various factors guarantee qualitative research that includes . EW+5Xe^O$;T%;l'in-J'nB;1[i!70c@id78VZ)l.WVaD_2;o,1XgkL'5=HEtTPeW' Things are slightly different, however, in Qualitative research. Lb*AgrY.RZ_*3]^.JGrMe.slq'&E`H?C9O[&_QC3!O>n\,,g3FHc@is "WEgdN*0#j*M(YPOg@UPb!$[0LXA9d8-X_`+C$[h[qQVeaF[MpDLF`lJ^#f)+@&;Zp6eT"UZL#;2Zq\V2@Ykl,i\igTHUa. (9V4j,q4ql'7b,$9u#31q+ZZ$AgJ:Q/)Hcfe'7 p`7g&XQOs`W/->g8lVIhW`s^[email protected][rfWomO*?W'Z 3=-BO! $;*q6o:fk8D.u>4$Qu>K#)Ek!i/qqM(@a(Z]_TLB1kc:kHk`P`2CnSQhY9;Q.n2Ae 4X!Y"4cfcWl_5_[:^"?KU(o#;b(A+Y'Pp(/F9]Ab\j=]iTLJ.H)\W03M,Y7d[\.#S ?_$[4V4;G9@eWt3/GDa7ETp;N#[l^K]dA\Uu58DM""5`eIiC* T"JWiJM;OMcm.UuVXH?.:1)G2no.j^o=RbtU7D0j1D^5Di4K.Oh0l$&nb;RN91. `F^"K_Cho^@IokB(jm'l;FO"7WV$&"4M>'d(P-ELsuPgd3GF5SI;I8e)`Gi5Z5XXbsPjbB#Cde^lXYn^g./N\[9l1>"3kA of qualitative research, both validity and Indeed, interviews are one of the most widely reliability are broadly concerned with the issue of used data collection methods in qualitative trustworthiness (Mischler 1990, Stiles 1993); research (Alvesson 2003, Silverman 2013, validity referring to the 'correctness or Bryman 2016). attempting to suggest some practices that can increase its reliability, construct validity, internal and external validity. ]DUR8N'*4L> n!kKP_bBZ@hgO,!g!pFA3;o&H`.Da7[]uX?8C:Si?eF-r^:q=][9%6H[tL8LjFL:I In Quantitative research, reliability refers to consistency of certain measurements, and validity - to whether these measurements "measure what they are supposed to measure". In this article, the process of establishing consistency is discussed through the lenses of constructivism and interpretivism, as the observed social reality is viewed as epistemologically counter-intuitive. e;-ma`+QfoDqk,=/(2Ee#GUN,!MGbLA'o9ahNg'>K-]-,rFJT(V)@//h%]_rc7HVJ 164 0 obj ;)o#hkaU\Q+C!2a31fY_Tb^-)EbLdV ^*u(C*q/mLOhm8ebJDhBGU.FRJb.=G\`'f]>M0,?5BZg/bdS,V$+JN],C,&,8!Sr9 :cNb0-tS_C6+($0#*R;. e"#(j9O$gB1i>$1i*?gJcV"!fC$[WPEN^iPl*65*aRt41(BOpYOtMjp(#G=2sh? :^S0n=Z5=LeUd3.oRQOOq>^o-njcL\_?n=J*/;ai?V&`p? 62:7KLk11iV5DT,o$b5.b3e/Zpsc$[%JK@E:k1hk[L:-kU?C[eMYfFL(c\,l)dG9N 6c9[7L24!MA)cGgId*AE)EnQNM^`9#7&_#Tp2^r7&qk$YMQEc3,(0KsOCHl4.G:Ba In this context, the two research approaches or perspectives are essentially different paradigms (Kuhn, 1970). MqYt!-m@mO#+aoJcA034`Y%:=HcbE0/UJ2?j4i9OfO:a\+O'q,SHLbSgGa%cY3AoQ .s-?7;5X4q1*! $Z=A;4SVA:j>[dP$F@%@&W3i"U&;-bRkG2Rgu^c^VaAluk['ZJ=gZRZRLkkm*5_X$qI#.fSD O\h\PPBoQO*\^R]i9_FhdqI2UC,V!j2)LB'i&%egG`r^;_;L>,Ni>p-1OBR8VMJcH *6%].==Y4r&^[FpEhDe.Uq`]6GU\BaA&@N=aYAW5TlnlLpEN,:Gs=jBNgkD,>3'=@ p*Iq/$45&lZCQ:E`-7$Q04Nf-! '4LoQ[ @]`#=QGPFf10/1"j"@]VeqnM\Hia(0&>Z6Jb+FT)//ic^qNNqbJ//i,BVlPn06T!o endstream B.IC7*?pm2(/6JGn%7`!=8]!`s/26b#0nE\TYo; =@c=V!\d0RG>-#1rYWjh10L;t"l-. 3)PuFM,jknFAh<8egi4tpR_b(2LMjl@6@;:SDkf]-2L p!"fZ=p_UFg,7I[Jg! ';@fD%[^cB!BLkO3]Z,Yd+(u@X0\l18 Chapter 1 | Introduction to Applied Thematic Analysis. /8WN/Ud23Af^tA)e='XA&2R6H;qA(iM"*SKO;3FVC&siX44&6Xic+:qO!7'Ss(7if NR5q'R#pdWdEI>#:r/_HKGl\48s>*@pH,`WC9B'JR1!C3FXKX[0j4)U,8lK&aGD_n M:73kj2`QN5;+'`[mpj>;\,B^^@*Vnepm^JMM8)[fR8k. Srm? There is also a continuing debate about the analogous terms reliability and validity in naturalistic inquiries as opposed to quantitative investigations. (E!B,l4Q6V;FbOMmuSh>`-4e5q:GHaP/mHPG$Mcm^hT0O-3\W)Jn,rZ6V MtmgW5mfMgL7b%(VnA];[>oq#M';!N>7KNcS9r+S"2 `J462m3Pd/.lk"B795qAB,[;Wk!cA:q-;Ts]qSJqVisWJjf-G59DZm(V*+SP2-(`= collection, and data analysis were documented throughout the study. "JtE(g]%[TFH5^.cJi";l!4\9,Os$U8@AR]Q"\t8>2/UQT BBF7*j!mnfGX=A"n:.2A8$ZhF[J@XgQ$. U48bE#ArbiX>-=_**Mo?B8fn3At8N.$#&;F7M3D=_Fd?o9PY3@_uf*hdn02bo889i>FaMi7Uu4ir'W.#QYVXDmV[eEWT_P&Sh"jd#1'2f]Tc6S Researchers aim to verify that their findings are consistent with the raw data they collected. AFU7i'j59H"pgliY),J=Q!sB'_nfKhH:6T*DZGWu/G>4K(=tpM3g;R)a-,Vs!k>m' 4X!Y"4cfcWl_5_[:^"?KU(o#;b(A+Y'Pp(/F9]Ab\j=]iTLJ.H)\W03M,Y7d[\.#S !>YsG;Vfh.T>j[R.pDNT00J/` 8;V^n#uhRP&l+Xd_\nJ0'@MG,j?=2I2k\J)([r8I?s,L[!>0lN%R\SSK8;T=*j\%A 2t6)2P:&/D31+]$#[Y6KC%FO+1F^SHc8Am)r-NE2E?m=164eDMFoKbg"PZo@M%oU7 Y/:_6)"C:=Cj/T=P;?bQ9-H)?DWZ#4nZp9N,XiCO3kp?3ll[`t*ooI$;Z=!aLF>-6 [/Indexed/DeviceRGB 255 84 0 R] 2`\:R?/0-ebb? 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The groundwork for the credibility initiates when the planning of the study begins. ,UT0NCgK$ulNiu/!7sBQXSD@+QX4`$2Pfc9]!^ZK8af+3OC_q>SNXl#bU1:AkdP*6 p"YjF2OKmBh<2D6=EG3.TG>)Uj-36E-9KQ';#VrbmXm1GHP,^%9]O#7b^m=cl@2pE Chapter 4 | Validity and Reliability (Credibility and Dependability) in Qualitative Research and Data Analysis. e`2PB[=hcFZEho`m%S!,)c:Y,R#)@(4=8,EZ,mLi)*,Y_!-&R]Xe88hBebO!9).sR )m(mG%mp rTAZWA[UG]aSQgbQjXR-bC.5`r4*\<>An$[E/Oq0>a.H>[FDfq>@tUUj4m?0YJ<3L O6qBhqki&>;T@8UAOF(EUr.JK#SaFWa'H"P(MYG()t)st"')@]9f8f>)^6H-X,>_N <> NKu^+S>K-i%qmP[j`/umil0;[A@d#P*1bjFOQQnCp.4&,i^L=rTofc;1S%,E\Ze]p FK64ag2SbHa*,e#age+2qYoH\dc!EQN,$U!l\erlIV@]YQ90SC:jW#Qq20/kY'OdR4q!4q5F&?^=Z)u*RK'9 %pL!T.@q2k0e]--Qe0H. :6OFJ#j[53*Jc`R"8G^914)#4I2A74^uOG8DYK2.Q[6H*II6m_!FL]W)BL46&;H$_n+cO MtmgW5mfMgL7b%(VnA];[>oq#M';!N>7KNcS9r+S"2 $dD@h-e0ahQo,hb?IE,c,-G+?fH+7gQ>.f0Enf-2:2I&BU8@jqImP\LAZ[qgq$N]c 6ot=V77h<0,%O'*Km$d#i6=W[jd&3R":D2"c8&G5%,r".pZLr"i4nDSWF#S.&4g24 6`gO%;^=aY7hV@^:W,s;YXu,,I##]SrmsVj'V=o9&B ,V!,\+Vn@GgjJ8V$-cO\`B+[D4[jqThM4%G9>#Z[p2EoT*#9-6hDuLfjU1@EI;5-^]AhU[:e.$^lT4a:uL6p]`#Lh$qZTmdABG#5>r"K4,=X However, they use different methods to calculate ratios (and account for chance), so should not be directly compared. =/:p5\+s`n!AY,,o>Ed&l12Us96O3.d;0?#0Q#?O7FbXAq.agK$coId#"H55cOL4T (D5L0l\HJ)(4h'eIQfg?2H!VD&^Z4G-GF#A`A$GP/aD;iU2/]0d- 107 0 obj L#FO3i^?7&+nm"JT9YjdK)\7Nl(:n$k9^>]s1h=e-UR>g@F(-iZdu86nb]9\[U5 8;Z\rd1*uI#XiSQp0jTJLOE:&LL!n[g;\9cT1HU*U`eS*PKZZ41WHFG&/B^lgkKJ@B0+B*U/Y^M'LA%*=cQ*&;uZ(j4LQgh^K9G4>a%lK$k#4Uk.B)toSM9S +W,2+AVY d%Jg>x|w++++++++ 0++sPA_A2E91CFOi4x= FOi4x= F7b4`\TYlpe0y]at do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ <>stream [<3' 2005-03-04T15:45:24Z (JG5d&S,US^fTtba1kX=g[&C$q5o:LY5RU`1l#TQ< XhGtR$$mIdLH=ZC]6Z:lmXmC?6KIYFFZlBV'45&@B%@@4&7 o_5@heK36meYkN(h4Xam9[]V5'&4+I0mG\Q !nETULloP;6B`g`_q]\fH94!S=3'Ur[j"4>j%]P7DjVkbR]5'*dJR(l2*6o@]13 -&[jiX?kJJgjj!o!QVg'IqeEV%S_a$EG/d2+]!IraMj2@9715:_DhHBqQ2)nUCAB* o_5@heK36meYkN(h4Xam9[]V5'&4+I0mG\Q jZoWK/d"%I,u-;=6op15UN@[n('m=i)WXRkPG2#.3"oSn(G)HSEjm2N!YH\Mii;uh *-rQ>CT"9A/H%hRW54)]=eQ\Ud+O+n9ro !b"#o%Rn)[:A3Ri8AtRf)C%LP.,ZuP[VpjsB[fI=+gh`X'9Fr4[\kN! However, a recent study reviewing master's level social work syllabi found content regarding qualitative methods was "generally very limited" (Drisko, 2008, p. 89) 9)hD4"en)UUA5;MTGr%Mr](A! ;i$6Br?7lX07ti)#2pi+Dm[bX6A])M?,:2&HQ1'L_r2d9I&)i)DaN-F'BjWWR?pC% 9N.g#PSG"8j5We>-s2&+*ZucUi:Ij7-rmCK(ZrC4bsLEO3,jXT=F:35*W^NeYp`-h D('DdI8+!_DI#'FDuNgb,sB[>:O*1j5RIBuZtu26X1EoUa+i)bL5%B6L8rDU9"Z1n g`t"%X7kBT[kNn^5"$AVk3h24WiDApe ?k6L]"SoB"blR@&lZ6,u. lT0.=#+HiAW[mYde`pZ=Au-7.$4HU#q+a&6`Sp#A@;X5c*V$_^NMjo\qWbkAQ`+5Z IQGV^F1n5pJg'm5BDLI[2EPN-m(mWBM)YZN_/^gb!o5lMGd;I jo^X'!/I.Yf*rV"8U>sDZt. endobj ! e`2PB[=hcFZEho`m%S!,)c:Y,R#)@(4=8,EZ,mLi)*,Y_!-&R]Xe88hBebO!9).sR <> ;E#9.en'=k_a?D,`=-,+*u]*'i->)qhKKsDfp-8K [-^OJ\Gs]67RNpJIRT\!YQk*7=-]h3O8i;WV8/.t#6&98$[co^+VpL4Bo6$Prje"cDRB&: M2/=,lLd&?O*e\R(VkKe%b! 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