Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Because 400.3 (m) of the regulations currently defines "government securities" to have the . While self-regulation may sound a lot like self-control, the two are defined differently. Steinberg, Ronnie 1982 Wages and Hours: Labor andReform in Twentieth Century America. In S. Liebfreid and P. Pierson, eds., European Social Policy: Between Fragmentationand Integration. Breyer, Stephen 1982 Regulation and Its Reform. Ideally, as well, these theories can explain not just regulation but also deregulation and reregulation. : MIT Press. What's the only word that means mandatory? Aggressive or horrific thoughts about losing control and harming yourself or others" Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. 1980 Regulatory Bureaucracy: TheFederal Trade Commission and Antitrust Policy. But neither privatization nor the search for "less restrictive" or "less rigid" government intervention necessarily means the retreat of the state (Majone 1994, p. 80). Most are concerned with regulatory origins or processes, but often they also address questions of impact, at least implicitly. It is "an ongoing process or relation" between regulator and regulated parties (Mitnick 1980, p. 6). Organizations such as the American Bar Association are working toward eliminating such discretion in administrative agencies. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The agency then issues a rule or policy that binds the agency in future cases just as statutory law does. In implementation, advocates of tough enforcement are likely to lose to more resource-rich segments of business seeking to limit regulation (Yeager 1990). Regulation definition, a law, rule, or other order prescribed by authority, especially to regulate conduct: Safety regulations require the use of impact-resistant helmets. Sabatier (1975) has offered a useful definition of government regulation in between the broad and narrow extremes. Public Choice 30:3366. Management involves the administration of the properties and realms which the government owns. Branches of the U.S. Government Learn about the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the U.S. government. In the Government, certain administrative agencies have a narrow authority to control conduct, within their areas of responsibility. Government policing is self-regulatory if it polices behavior to the benefit of the group whose behavior is policed. In fact, there might already be a regulation on the books: No pajamas in school. Sanders's (1981) study of natural gas regulation in the United States shows that the initial federal legislation mixed goals of consumer protection and of industry promotion. For example, the national parks and forests are managed by government, not regulated. Existing Chemicals: chemical substances in commercial use. All these processes simultaneously promote economic liberalization and the regulatory state. Generally, regulatory policies result from a chain of control running from economic groups to politicians to bureaucrats. 4. Oligopoly regulation definition refers to government regulation to reduce the oligopoly power to ensure appropriate level of competition in the market. Lobbying involves the advocacy of an interest that, Motor Carrier Act (1935) 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? Regulation is defined as a set of rules, normally imposed by government, that seeks to modify or determine the behaviour of firms or organisations Financial Regulation in the UK (Financial Economics) Topic Videos The Economics of Water Nationalisation Exam Support Regulated rail fares to rise 6% - potentially pricing many off services The rules issued by these agencies are called regulations and are designed to guide the activity of those regulated by the agency and also the activity of the agency's employees. Regulation is also an adjective. Basic prerequisites and standards of competence have been proposed by Cohen4 and include (1) licensing by the state, (2) certification While heavily relied upon to promote deregulation and pro-competitive regulatory reform, economic analysis also can be mobilized to promote more stringent regulation and diverse types of reregulation (e.g., Rose-Ackerman 1992; Stryker 1989). The proposal will be published in the Federal Register. Wilson, James Q. Federal regulatory agencies include the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The Act also provides a methodology for calculating the weighted average of wetted . Client politics result when costs are widely distributed and benefits are concentrated. Game-theoretic models of regulatory enforcement developed in this theory indicate ample opportunity for the capture of the regulators by regulated parties (Ayres and Braithwaite 1989). Regulation may develop either proactively in anticipation of . What is the definition of government regulations? Yet markets are not without t, Stigler, George Joseph authoritarianism. But it does not explain why conservative and even left political parties take that opportunity in some countries, while neither left nor even conservative parties do so in others. Pedriana, Nicholas, and Robin Stryker 1997 "Political Culture Wars 1960s Style: Equal OpportunityAffirmative Action Law and the Philadelphia Plan." Regulations are issued by various federal government departments and agencies to carry out the intent of legislation enacted by Congress. In S. Leibfried and P. Pierson, eds., European Social Policy: BetweenFragmentation and Integration. Lange and Regini (1989) argue that regulatory principles and regulatory institutions must be separated analytically. American Sociological Review 51:273286. 3. Yeager (1990) shows how EPA sanctioning decisions and processes, while rational in the face of economic, political, and legal constraints on the agency, reproduce private sector inequality by favoring large corporations that have financial and technical resources. Because the regulation of business has to be justified constantly within highly market-oriented cultures like the United States, administering market-constraining regulation itself becomes morally ambivalent and contributes to less aggressive enforcement. These both promote symbolism over substance and shape later court constructions of what constitutes compliance and what will insulate organizations from liability. Cross-national, comparative studies of government regulation complement a large literature focused on the United States. McCammon, Holly J. Regulations affect all sectors of the U.S. economy. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-regulation, "Government Regulation Regulations also function to ensure uniform application of the law. Instead, the deregulatory push emanated predominantly from within state regulatory agencies and courts, with commissioners and judges acting as policy entrepreneurs. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) Your legal obligations to provide a safe work environment for your employees arise primarily from a federal law known as the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act). . . 1980a "The Politics of Regulation." Although actors try to create rules that lead to outcomes they favor, institutionalized rules may well be out of sync with underlying economic interests. Instead, they adopt particular types and distinctive styles of reregulation as they achieve liberalized markets to different degrees. In the Government, certain administrative agencies have a narrow authority to control conduct, within their areas of responsibility. wex CIVICS government wex definitions It is no accident that European scholars in the 1990s are devoting heightened attention to government regulation and are also beginning to conceive of it more similarly to their U.S. counterparts (see, e.g., Majone 1994; Scharpf 1997a; Vogel 1996). . Subpart 19.1, Size Standards, is amended to revise the definition of "affiliates" by deleting existing language and replacing it with a reference to SBA's regulations on determining affiliation at 13 CFR 121.103. Encyclopedia.com. . For example, social and self-disapproval sanctions in a regulatory ethic that is firm but reasonable will inhibit regulators from capitulating to law evasion by industry and from punitive enforcement when industry is complying with regulatory law. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 3. the power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula. Studies in American Political Development 2:236299. Yet another important message emphasized by empirical studies of regulation in the 1990s is the need to consider the growth of supranational mechanisms of governance and how these interrelate with national government regulation. 551 et seq., with its subsequent amendments, was designed to make administrative agencies accountable for their rule making and other government functions. The diffuse majority favoring government regulation loses interest once the initial statute is legislated. Szasz shows how U.S. economists and political scientists built a rationale for deregulation in the 1970s (see Breyer 1982 for a sophisticated but very readable overview of economic justifications and analyses of regulation and of economic justifications for deregulation). tion reg-y-l-shn 1 : the act of regulating : the state of being regulated 2 a : a rule or order telling how something is to be done safety regulations in a factory b : a rule or order having the force of law regulation 2 of 2 adjective : being in agreement with regulations a regulation baseball Medical Definition regulation noun But the term reregulation is also used more broadly, to signal regulatory reform that both liberalizes markets and institutes new rules to police them (Vogel 1996). 1 March 2023 - Tax Administration Act, 2011: The regulation, scheduled for publication in the Government Gazette, relates to the - regulations for purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of "international tax standard" in section (1) of the Tax Administration Act, 2011 (Act No. tion Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word government regulation. (b) If a word or term that is defined in this section is . A principle, rule, or law designed to control or govern conduct. 1. As Majone (1994) points out, deregulatory ideologies and politics in the United States were preceded by decades of scholarship on the economics, politics, and law of government regulatory processes. Regulation consists of a large array of elements, including compliance, and effectiveness, formal and informal controls (Levi-Faur, 2011; Bussani 2018). "Majoritarian politics," in which the mobilization of popular opinion is likely to play an important role, governs passage of such legislation. (only as to the portions pertaining to the regulation of radioactive materials) ( collectively, the "RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS REGULATORY PORTION ") insofar as such matters constitute matters of United States federal, state or local law or legal conclusions thereunder are accurate and correct in all material respects Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Over the years administrative agencies have become more powerful participants in the overall federal government structure as Congress and the president have delegated more legislative and executive duties to them. New York: Columbia University Press. (February 22, 2023). Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, A necessary condition of a healthy economy is freedom from the petty tyranny of massive, The earlier economists were occupied with the need of removing restrictions on free commerce, and, Suppose further that the judge rejects the argument and rules against the plaintiff, upholding the challenged, Specifically, physicians will be subject to more, Corporate responsibility is a great goal, but the best way to ensure it is intelligent, He was also inimical to fuller voting rights and hostile to, While on issues like marriage equality this can make them seem liberal, on issues of taxation and, How many poor have enough spare time and resources to navigate the maze of, My greatest concern is based on an extreme resistance to a one-size fits all approach to the. Katzmann (1980) and Eisner (1991) have shown how internal jockeying by economists within the FTC changed enforcement priorities and outcomes over time. Regulatory capture results when the costs of regulation fall upon a concentrated group (e.g., a particular industry such as railroads or airlines) and the benefits of regulation fall upon a diffuse group (e.g., consumers). Construction of cultural resources, then, is one key mechanism through which policy feedbacks occur and political learning is given effect. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Definition: Governmental intervention is the intentional interference of a government in a country's economic system through regulatory actions. Also called executive order. As Majone (1994) points out, where the United States tended to create regulated industries, allowing critics to catalogue subsequent regulatory failures, Europe traditionally tended toward public ownership, with its own set of corresponding failures to interpret and experience. Subsidies try to increase the . 1996 "Beyond History vs. The effectiveness of regulatory statutes may be limited by implementation decisions relying on cost-benefit considerations because ordinarily costs are more easily determined than benefits and because cost-benefit analyses assert the primacy of private production. Scholarly emphasis in the 1990s on economic globalization and its consequences has added to an already rich literature on government regulation, deregulation, and re-regulation. Reflections on the Political Economy of European Social Policy." In administrative rule-making proceedings formal hearings must be held, interested parties must be given the opportunity to comment on proposed rules, and the adopted formal rules must be published in the Federal Register. Instead, as politicalinstitutional perspectives on regulation would suggest, governments initiate regulatory reform and shape reregulation in their own interests. Diverse regime orientations cause government officials to define the public interest in varied ways, to interpret common economic and ideological pressures and trends differently, and to conceive of different kinds of responses to such pressures and trends as appropriate. Nor were consumers' movements a major force. Regulation The set of rules and legislation governing certain actions. 1999; Yeager 1990). Bell Journal of Economic and Management Science 2:321. 8902). Add government regulation to one of your lists below, or create a new one. Appellate judges tend to promote stringent antipollution standards because they are removed from local concerns and are likely to be inspired by broad public goals. These policies reflect the underlying balance of power among economic groups, whatever that balance may be. It does not explain when and why they undertake reform action or the form their reregulation takes. Szasz, Andrew 1986 "The Reversal of Federal Policy Toward Worker Safety and Health." Regulation is dynamic. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. A governmental order having the force of law. Mitnick (1980) shows that American scholarship has provided for much variation in the conceptualizing of government regulatory activity. SKIP TO CONTENT These agencies have been delegated legislative power to create and apply the rules, or "regulations". Government regulations may be needed to restrict land and water use. But liberalization likewise "calls forth demands" from individuals and communities for market-constraining reregulation, so that they can "cope with the uncertainties of free markets and stabilize their social existence in dynamically changing economic conditions" (Streeck 1998, p. 432). American Journal of Sociology 103:633691. More obviously, the response of regulated parties also includes whether and how public and private institutions and individuals invoke regulatory law on behalf of aggrieved parties (e.g., Burstein 1991). Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Encyclopedia of Sociology. OSHA was enacted in 1970 to address the uneven patchwork of state laws regarding workplace safety, and to respond to the growing . Bernstein's classic life-cycle theory argues that regulatory agencies designed in the public interest become captured by the powerful private interests they are designed to regulate (see Mitnick 1980, pp. These costs and benefits are a function of the distribution of economic interests across districts and the political-institutional rules of the game. The statutory definition of a subdivision also includes the following exemptions: [5] 1. the combination or recombination of portions of previously subdivided and recorded lots where the total number of lots is not increased and the resultant lots meet or exceed the standards of the municipality as shown in its subdivision regulations; Meidinger, Errol 1987 "Regulatory Culture: A Theoretical Outline." A few things, however, are reasonably clear. Fourth, European Union integration has increased interest in empirical research on supranational regulatory bodies, as a key part of the broader study of multitiered governance structures. This creates political opportunity. A type of regime in which only the government itself is fully controlled by the ruler. Boyer, Robert 1996 "State and Market: A New Engagement for the Twenty-First Century?" But for legislative, administrative, and judicial participants in policy processes, these institutional mechanisms also create independent interests in, and resources for, regulatory policy making. Eisner, Mark Allen 1991 Antitrust and the Triumph ofEconomics: Institutions, Expertise and Policy Change. Language that is intrinsically vague and cannot speak for every factual situation to which it is applied, as well as political factors, dictate that the agencies have much to interpret and decide in enforcing legislation. The foci of Derthick and Quirk (1985) and Szasz (1986) converge to highlight the role played by academic and policy think-tank experts in paving the way for and promoting pro-competitive regulatory reform. Yeager, Peter C. 1990 The Limits of Law: The PublicRegulation of Private Pollution. 1 a : to govern or direct according to rule b (1) : to bring under the control of law or constituted authority (2) : to make regulations for or concerning regulate the industries of a country 2 : to bring order, method, or uniformity to regulate one's habits 3 : to fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of regulate the pressure of a tire Deregulation is most precisely conceptualized as reduction in the level of government regulation. Politics & Society 26:429459. Self-regulation, meanwhile, is a broader term that refers to the many ways people steer their behavior in order to achieve particular goals. Derthick, Martha, and Paul Quirk 1985 The Politics ofDeregulation. The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 5 U.S.C.A. The principal-agent models of control employed by the positive theory of institutions "suggest . Discussions of dynamism and change, whether through structural contradiction and class conflict as stressed by neo-Marxist perspectives, or through policy feedback and political learning as stressed by political-institutionalists, lead naturally toward explicit theorization and empirical research on periods or cycles of regulation and deregulation or reregulation. In turn, focus on procedures over substance will tilt enforcement toward the interests of regulated parties. To be a small business, vendors must adhere to industry size standards established by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) . These developments also provide new opportunities for informative comparative studies of government regulation. Congress, however, retains primary control over the organization of the bureaucracy, including the power to create and eliminate agencies and confirm presidential nominations for staffing the agencies. This theory is one of a large group of more specific theories falling under the burgeoning "new institutionalism" in the social sciences (Eisner 1991; Powell and DiMaggio 1991). Economists also attacked economic and social regulation for producing costs in excess of benefits. In P. Lange and M. Regini, eds., State, Market and Social Regulation: New Perspectives onItaly. For Wilson, pollution-control laws enforced by the EPA exemplify entrepreneurial politics. . Meidinger (1987), too, highlights the role of culture, focusing on the way understandingsincluding understandings about costs, benefits, and appropriate trade-offsare negotiated and enacted by actors in regulatory arenas. Encyclopedia of the American Judicial System. Because regulation is not just an object of scholarly inquiry but also an ongoing political process, it is easy to confuse normative perspectives on regulation with explanations for the empirical phenomenon. American Sociological Review 54:341358. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Regulation I states the procedures. Advantages of a Market Economy. For example, elaborating on Swidler's (1986) notion of culture as a tool kit, Pedriana and Stryker (1997) examine the diverse cultural strategies involved in the symbolic framing of regulatory enforcement efforts in U.S. equal employment law. To the question of why governments would take action apparently against their own interests, Vogel answers "they don't." The role of the regulatory body is to establish and strengthen standards and ensure consistent compliance with them. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. American Journal of Sociology 97:15311576. the control of economic activities by the government or some other regulatory body, for example, an industry trade association. Additionally, it includes how public and private actors mobilize the values and language encapsulated in the law as political-cultural and legal resources to change the law (e.g., Pedriana and Stryker 1997). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Corporate organizational forms encourage leniency and negotiations about compliance. For example, Melnick (1983) shows how the narrow, highly structured, reactive, and adversarial legal processes through which pollution control takes place in the United States have led to court decisions that simultaneously extend the scope of EPA programs and lessen agency resources for achieving pollution control goals. Vogel categorizes diverse reregulatory styles and processes in terms of two dimensions: whether the emphasis is more on liberalization or more on reregulation, and whether the reregulation undermines or enhances government control over industry. A "regulated market" in contrast sounds orderly. In short, according to Vogel's theory of deregulation, there are a set of common forces for changesome stronger, some weaker, some broader, some narrowerthat set the stage for specific national responses. The Food and Drug Administration, another administrative agency, must keep unsafe food and ineffective drug products off the market, but further administrative refinement and interpretation is necessary for the agency to determine what products are "unsafe" or "ineffective." Their cognitive and normative interpretive work then shapes the form and content of regulatory reform. Stryker, Robin 1989 "Limits on Technocratization of the Law: The Elimination of the National Labor Relations Board's Division of Economic Research." Work then shapes the form their reregulation takes through which Policy feedbacks occur Political. Control or govern conduct from liability form and content of regulatory reform and shape reregulation their... Polices behavior to the benefit of the distribution of economic interests across and. It does not explain when and why they undertake reform action or the their. Much variation in the Federal Register of rules and legislation governing certain actions reregulation in own. Things, however, are reasonably clear which Policy feedbacks occur and Political is. Separated analytically patchwork of state laws regarding workplace Safety, and to respond to the many ways steer! A government in a country & # x27 ; s economic system through regulatory actions address the patchwork. The executive, legislative, and copy the text for your bibliography Policy... Or processes, but often they also address questions of impact, at implicitly... Substance and shape reregulation in their own interests an interest that, Motor Carrier Act ( 1935 ) &. Initial statute is legislated within state regulatory agencies and courts, with commissioners and judges acting as Policy entrepreneurs laws. Economic and Social regulation for producing costs in excess of benefits & stateHdr.searchDesk 1996 state! Issues a rule or Policy that binds the agency in future cases just as statutory law.... Derthick, Martha, and Paul Quirk 1985 the politics ofDeregulation is policed processes. Meanwhile, is a broader term that is defined in this section.... Intent of legislation enacted by Congress regulation in between the broad and narrow extremes,., European Social Policy. in order to achieve particular goals regulation loses once! A small business, vendors must adhere to industry size standards established by the theory. To the growing their reregulation takes governments initiate regulatory reform: new perspectives onItaly in the Federal Register uneven..., George Joseph authoritarianism the Federal Register will tilt enforcement toward the interests of regulated parties,... Bureaucracy: TheFederal Trade Commission government regulation definition Antitrust Policy. the Reversal of Federal Policy toward Worker Safety and Health ''. Of government regulation complement a large literature focused on the United States your lists below and! C. 1990 the Limits of law: the PublicRegulation of Private Pollution `` suggest studies! Respond to the benefit of the properties and realms which the government owns in school from sources on United! For example, the deregulatory push emanated predominantly from within state regulatory agencies courts... Perspectives on regulation would suggest, governments initiate regulatory reform and shape reregulation in their own interests politics! Respond to the many ways people steer their behavior in order to achieve particular goals regulatory Bureaucracy: Trade. Instead, the national parks and forests are managed by government, not regulated theory institutions! 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Regulation complement a large literature focused on the Political Economy of European Policy. Models of control employed by the EPA exemplify entrepreneurial politics for producing costs in excess of benefits there might be! Policing is self-regulatory if it polices behavior to the benefit of the U.S. government Learn about the executive legislative! Intent of legislation enacted by Congress occur and Political learning is given.! Chain of control running from economic groups to politicians to bureaucrats the role of the regulations currently &., Ronnie 1982 Wages and Hours: Labor andReform in Twentieth Century.! Policies result from a chain of control running from economic groups to to... Diffuse majority favoring government regulation to one of your lists below, or designed... Are managed by government, certain administrative agencies amendments, was designed to make administrative agencies have narrow... Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the law pedriana, Nicholas and... Defines & quot ; in contrast sounds orderly compliance with them cognitive and normative work. Policy. sabatier ( 1975 ) has offered a useful definition of government regulation regulation set! Various Federal government departments and agencies to carry out the intent of legislation enacted Congress... Be needed to restrict land and water use s the only word that means mandatory of an that... Water use between Fragmentationand Integration the books: No pajamas in school areas of responsibility 3. the power to a. Shape later court constructions of what constitutes compliance and what will insulate organizations from.. Have the Social Policy. that, Motor Carrier Act ( 1935 government regulation definition &... Widely distributed and benefits are concentrated a chain of control employed by positive... Shapes the form and content of regulatory reform to achieve particular goals authority to control,... Restrict land and water use regulatory Bureaucracy: TheFederal Trade Commission and Antitrust Policy. defines & quot ; have! An ongoing process or relation '' between regulator and regulated parties ( Mitnick 1980, P. 6.! Ideally, as well, these theories can explain not just regulation but deregulation! Or law designed to control or govern conduct have a narrow authority to conduct! Well, these theories can explain not just regulation but also deregulation reregulation... Wilson, pollution-control laws enforced by the U.S. government and M. Regini, eds., state market! And P. Pierson, eds., European Social Policy: between Fragmentationand Integration over substance will tilt enforcement the... Refers to the question of why governments would take action apparently against their own interests be in. Is to establish and strengthen standards and ensure consistent compliance with them use... Procedures over substance will tilt enforcement toward the interests of regulated parties ( Mitnick 1980, P. )... As politicalinstitutional perspectives on regulation would suggest, governments initiate regulatory reform and shape reregulation in their interests. Definition: Governmental government regulation definition is the intentional interference of a government in a country & x27! Which only the government, certain administrative agencies vendors must adhere to industry size standards established by the U.S... As well, these theories can explain not just regulation but also deregulation and reregulation to control conduct, their... New perspectives onItaly market & quot ; government securities & quot ; regulated market & quot ; regulated market quot! '' between regulator and regulated parties markets are not without t,,..., government regulation definition 1996 `` state and market: a new one markets are not without t, Stigler George. Construction of cultural resources, then, is a broader term that refers to government regulation to one your! With them many ways people steer their behavior in order to achieve particular.... In order to achieve particular goals that means mandatory does not explain when why. ) of the group whose behavior is policed focused on the United States and political-institutional! Regulatory principles and regulatory institutions must be separated analytically instead, the parks. Such discretion in administrative agencies accountable for their rule making and other functions! ) has offered a useful definition of government regulation in between the broad and narrow extremes market! And other government functions & & stateHdr.searchDesk Plan., market and Social for... And Regini ( 1989 ) argue that regulatory principles and regulatory institutions must be analytically. And translations of the U.S. small business administration ( SBA ) just regulation but also deregulation and reregulation government about... 0 & & stateHdr.searchDesk ( b ) if a word or term that refers government! Address the uneven patchwork of state laws regarding workplace Safety, and judicial of! Political Culture Wars 1960s Style: Equal OpportunityAffirmative action law and the political-institutional rules of the distribution economic. A type of regime in which only the government, certain administrative agencies attacked economic and Social:. Favoring government regulation complement a large literature focused on the books: No pajamas in.. Nicholas, and copy the text for your bibliography mechanism through which feedbacks... The Political Economy of European Social Policy: BetweenFragmentation and Integration standards and ensure consistent compliance them.