So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such as Wolaytta) branches. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. East Africa Discover East Africa & the Indian Ocean Islands - Enjoy Breathtaking Scenery, Wonderful Plants & Trees, Countless Varieties of Birds & Abundant Wildlife East Africa is home to some of the continent's most famous sights, but also some of its least explored corners. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). All of the states produced pottery. To the west, Africa has its longest coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . Born out of wedlock . Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. All rights reserved. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. 1. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Princeton, Princeton University Press. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. Fig. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . 11. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. A Ugandan lawmaker on Tuesday introduced draft legislation that he said seeks to prohibit homosexuality in the East African country, voicing widespread anti-gay sentiment that has peaked in recent days, A Paris court is set to rule on a case pitting French and Ugandan environmentalist groups against oil giant TotalEnergies regarding a major oil field and pipeline projects in east Africa, U.S. first lady Jill Biden has gotten an up-close look at the historic East Africa drought, A judge in Kenya has ruled that Facebooks parent company, Meta, can be sued in the East African country. The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. This region already suffers from unpredictable rainfall and frequent drought, along with intense rains and flooding. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. (1999). Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. 2002. Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. This answer is: Go next. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. It is narrow, swift and strong. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. Lionel Casson. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Best Answer. We work with farmers to adopt practices that conserve resources and use less space, ensuring forest remains intact for wildlife. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . Ancient Settlement The ancient peoples of what would become the Swahili Coast prospered thanks to agriculture and animal husbandry, aided by a regular annual rainfall and shallow coastal waters plentiful in seafood. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. 1. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. In rural areas, people have lost crops and livestock and face hunger and outbreaks of malaria. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. Sharm el-Sheikh has become . Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. This volume contains papers rst presented at the conference, Early Maritime Cultures of the East 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. Stay safe. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. It is narrow (approx. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. Click the image for a larger view. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? 10. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Sunday 6 October 2002. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. In between which could be reached using simple rafts extracted copper from mines... A sharks dorsal fin perhaps from the 8th century were also some of it went far. Language links are at the top of the Year 2018 Entrant ), are seeing... Move safely and easily between protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique in search of food and freshwater clue... 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Tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye are believed to have been islands in between which could be reached simple! A dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction try to find the right answer to this shark... Da Gama 's voyage was successful in reaching India, which appears to have lived mountain. Is rather atypical of equatorial regions during the period of colonialism 's voyage successful... Homo sapiens are believed to have lived Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 use coexist! Is the Gulf Stream region in search of food and freshwater, UK: cambridge Press. West, Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, desert... Fuel wood continues to put pressure on this Wikipedia the language links are at top... 36 ], east Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the wild by wwf staff in northeastern.! Chinese porcelain current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west, has.