The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. What were the aims of prisons, asylums, and other institutions in this period of social The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. They formed abolition groups together to voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women's suffrage. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ Many mentally ill individuals eventually ended up imprisoned as well, as no facilities for the treatment of the mentally ill existed. Retained Earnings for 2013 Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. \text{REVENUES}\\ Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . Horrified, she worked to publicize the conditions of the jail and gain public support for its improvement. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. 0.080.080.08 Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. 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Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. The survey also asked the respondent's gender. k. Give the journal entry that explains the change in the treasury shares during 2013, Chicago Corporation Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. 2 One reform in particular that has shaped human rights and rehabilitation is the Prison and Asylum Reforms of the 1830s. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on the city. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected] check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. The majority of the members of the Society favored including women in the governing structure of the organization; the more conservative members broke away from the Anti-Slave Society to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society, which excluded women. Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Transatlantic cooperation galvanized efforts to reform individuals' and societies' relationships to alcohol, labor, religion, education, commerce, and land ownership. Douglass was perhaps the most famous, influential, and vocal black abolitionist. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. d. 12.0012.0012.00 Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. Which of the following is not a component of stockholders equity? Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Further reproduction prohibited without . To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Black lay-preachers, not ordained but appointed by the church or community to lead services and preach, became important speakers for and within free and enslaved communities. 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