[25] Like all but one other governor of Judaea, Pilate was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. But in the end, the fate of Pontius Pilate remains a mystery. Justin Martyr. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. Is there more information on Pontius Pilate's wife? [199] One of the earliest examples of Pilate rendered as a Jew is from the eleventh century on the Hildesheim cathedral doors (see image, above right). Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). [91] N. T. Wright and Craig A. Evans argue that Pilate's hesitation was due to the fear of causing a revolt during Passover, when large numbers of pilgrims were in Jerusalem. 2. Omissions? His famous father, Herod the Great had also passed away. [260], In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring Pilate titled Plakha (The Place of the Skull). "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. [213] Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of Pilate were created in the fifteenth century. [190], The older Byzantine model of depicting Pilate washing his hands continues to appear on artwork into the tenth century;[191] beginning in the seventh century, however, a new iconography of Pilate also emerges, which does not always show him washing his hands, includes him in additional scenes, and is based on contemporary medieval rather than Roman models. "[254] The work features a novel within the novel about Pontius Pilate and his encounter with Jesus (Yeshu Ha-Notsri) by an author only called the Master. The Pontii were a Samnite gens. [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens doesn't come anywhere near. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. [20] His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman. Yes, the Roman Cornelius lineages are quite entertaining. Pontius Pilate is a mysterious and controversial figure . And after He was crucified they cast lots upon His vesture, and they that crucified Him parted it among them. 8. "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. In the art of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Pilate is often depicted as a Jew. Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. [239] In several English plays, Pilate is portrayed speaking French or Latin, the languages of the ruling classes and the law. For Pilate, anything that got him advanced in status in the eyes of the emperor was truth. The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then thrown in a lake in the high Alps. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [12] The Eastern Orthodox church believes that Pilate and his wife eventually became Christians. [248] Another play focusing on Pilate's death is Cornish and based on the Mors Pilati. [16][17][18] The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on Pilate. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. This is the first known usage of the motif of Pilate being influenced and corrupted by the Devil in Medieval Art. It was a fragmentary, undated inscription on a large piece of marble recorded in Ameria, a village in Umbria, Italy. [223], The image of Pilate condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the nineteenth century. [286] These include John 18:35 (numquid ego Iudaeus sum? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He is frequently depicted as a more important character to the narrative than even Jesus,[227] and became one of the most important figures of medieval drama in the fifteenth century. [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text was altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. He did not prevent their petition. As a result, he is sent as a hostage to Rome, where he kills another hostage. And his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. Pilate's family become Christians after Jesus miraculously cures Pilate's daughters of their deaf-muteness. [140][141], Beginning in the fourth century, a large body of Christian apocryphal texts developed concerning Pilate, making up one of the largest groups of surviving New Testament Apocrypha. His rule began in 26 CE and lasted until early in 37 CE (Josephus, Antiquities 18.32f, 35, 89). The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. It is in a class of documents called New Testament apocraphal writings. Pilate builds a church in the honor of Stephen, Gamaliel, and Nicodemus, who were martyred with Stephen. [183] In the medieval Slavonic Josephus, an Old Church Slavonic translation of Josephus, with legendary additions, Pilate kills many of Jesus's followers but finds Jesus innocent. The oldest is written by Philo in the . There he lives happily as a farmer and is looked after by his daughter, but suffers from gout and obesity and broods over his time as governor of Judaea. The insurrection in which Barabbas was caught up, if historical, may well be another example. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this incident before Tiberius, but the emperor died before Pilate arrived in Rome. [72] The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. He is famous for crucifying the Christ, and many dramatic interpretations have tried to discern what sort of a man he was. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! Only the highest representative of the occupying powerthe Roman prefect over Judea, Pontius Pilatewielded that authority. [231], Pontius Pilate appears as a character in a large number of literary works, typically as a character in the judgment of Christ. [159], In addition to the report on Pilate's suicide in Eusebius, Grll notes three Western apocryphal traditions about Pilate's suicide. 27:65-66). And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. Eugene Norris asks our panel of pastors, What Happened to Pontius Pilate? He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. [224][225][226], Pilate plays a major role in the medieval passion play. [32] As Tiberius had retired to the island of Capri in 26, scholars such as E. Stauffer have argued that Pilate may have actually been appointed by the powerful Praetorian Prefect Sejanus, who was executed for treason in 31. [9] Modern historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler: while some believe that he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others believe that his long time in office implies reasonable competence. [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. [45], As governor, Pilate had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. [275] McDonough argues that "Shopov gives us a very subtle Pilate, one who manages to appear alarmed though not panicked before the crowd, but who betrays far greater misgivings in private conversation with his wife. The Samaritans were leading an expedition to Mount Gerizim to look for artifacts. [137] The earliest attestation of a positive tradition about Pilate comes from the late first-, early second-century Christian author Tertullian, who, claiming to have seen Pilate's report to Tiberius, states Pilate had "become already a Christian in his conscience. At this time Tiberius was the Roman Emperor, who succeeded the first Emperor, Augustus. During what years was Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. [234] The 1517 Alsfelder Passionsspiel portrays Pilate as condemning Christ to death out of fear of losing Herod's friendship and to earn the Jews' good will, despite his long dialogues with the Jews in which he professes Christ's innocence. In the Cura sanitatis Tiberii (dated variously 5th to 7th century),[162] the emperor Tiberius is healed by an image of Jesus brought by Saint Veronica, Saint Peter then confirms Pilate's report on Jesus's miracles, and Pilate is exiled by the emperor Nero, after which he commits suicide. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. 3. 7. They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. "[288] This, combined with the general lack of information on Pilate's long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. 1887, p. 201. Christians, however, know what true humanity looks like, what it means to be fully human as G They became ennobled as equestrians. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. [93] The Samaritans, claiming not to have been armed, complained to Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the governor of Syria (term 3539), who had Pilate recalled to Rome to be judged by Tiberius. However, the body is surrounded by demons and storms, so that it is removed from the Tiber and instead cast into the Rhone, where the same thing happens. [81][82] All four gospels also mention that Pilate had the custom of releasing one captive in honor of the Passover festival; this custom is not attested in any other source. [293] According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 CE and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, Pilate, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. More than 30 years earlier, his father, Herod the Great, had tried but failed to murder the young Jesus by slaughtering all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem ( Matthew 2:16 ), but Joseph, Mary and Jesus had already fled to Egypt. 3. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). According to Eusebius (Church History 9.2.5), these texts were distributed during the persecution of Christians conducted by the emperor Maximinus II (reigned 308313). None of these texts survive, but Tibor Grll argues that their contents can be reconstructed from Christian apologetic texts. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. Pontius was in charge of Judea for about 10 years and was eventually deposed. But here's the thing: Pontius Pilate was a light-weight. Pontius Pilate was the fifth magistrate to serve in the Roman province of Judea, created in 6 CE by Roman emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE to 14 CE). [264] During the Ecce homo scene, the eagle stands in the background between Jesus and Pilate, with a wing above each figure; after hesitantly condemning Jesus, Pilate passes back to the eagle, which is now framed beside him, showing his isolation in his decision and, McDonough suggests, causing the audience to question how well he has served the emperor. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". [259], The majority of literary texts about Pilate come from the time after the Second World War, a fact which Alexander Demandt suggests shows a cultural dissatisfaction with Pilate having washed his hands of guilt. What did Pontius Pilate do to Jesus? Herod Philip, uncle and first husband of Herodias, was not a ruler. Tiberius made any attack on Christians punishable by death. [274], Mel Gibson's 2004 film The Passion of the Christ portrays Pilate, played by Hristo Shopov, as a sympathetic, noble-minded character,[275] fearful that the Jewish priest Caiaphas will start an uprising if he does not give in to his demands. Tiberius, however, had died before his arrival. According to Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later. Yet, no judge could justly condemn a man he considered innocent. [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. When Jewish representatives demonstrated in Caesarea, Pilates city of residence, he threatened them with death unless they desisted, but, when they showed their readiness to die, he ordered the images removed. [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate find that JesusBeing from Galilee, he belongs to the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas, and decides to send him before him. Who gave Jesus to Pontius Pilate? Herod's sons then threatened to petition the emperor, an action which Pilate feared that would expose the crimes he had committed in office. . I am always suspect of documents like this, so please understand that I am not presenting the "Acts of Pilate" as fact. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. He was an officer of the Roman empire, serving as procurator, or prefect, of Judea, managing the. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. However, trouble followed as indicated in Josephus following statement, But when this tumult was appeased, the Samaritan senate sent an embassy to Vitellius, a man that had been consul, and who was now president of Syria, and accused Pilate of the murder of those that were killed . [238], Hourihane argues that in England, where the Jews had been expelled in 1290 CE, Pilate's characterization may have been used primarily to satyrize corrupt officials and judges rather than to stoke antisemitism. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. How can we know the Messiah would be God incarnate? [237], The fifteenth-century Roman Passione depicts Pilate as trying to save Jesus against the wishes of the Jews. What happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus resurrection? [67] The dating of the incident is unknown, but Bond argues that it must have occurred between 26 and 30 or 33, based on Josephus's chronology. [160] The Evangelium Gamalielis, possibly of medieval origin and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and Ge'ez,[161] says Jesus was crucified by Herod, whereas Pilate was a true believer in Christ who was martyred for his faith; similarly, the Martyrium Pilati, possibly medieval and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and Ge'ez,[161] portrays Pilate, as well as his wife and two children, as being crucified twice, once by the Jews and once by Tiberius, for his faith. 1. This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 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