As an evergreen shrub, it not only guarantees green hedging all year round, but also offers attractive yellow-green flowers in the spring, followed by purplish small fruits during autumn on female plants. This involves covering the soil with clear plastic or other impermeable materials, trapping heat beneath the cover and risking the temperature of the soil to a certain point. Griselinia is a tough and hardy evergreen, so it is low-maintenance and will stay strong in windy conditions. This requires a total evaluation of the system where they live; these plants are not the same as your philodendrons or gerbera daisiesandthey have very unique needs. G. littoralis - G. littoralis is a fast-growing, large, evergreen shrub with light green, broadly oval leaves. Just dark browning) making the leaf look and feel "weakened" and eventually falling off (before turning fully brown or dry. Poinsettias need a lot of light to grow indoors, but not direct sunlight. Alternatively, you can purchase other organic treatments from online or your nearest garden store. While griselinia foliage can be extremely dense, it can also be very fast-growing, with the plant growing up to 45cm a year under optimal conditions. When your pitcher plant turns yellow or brown, its not time to panic; these hardy plants are hard to keep down for long. Tops look ok. To address the issue, you'll need to be able to answer some questions about your plant, its environment, and the care you've given it. You can feed it again if it looks weak or hungry. It is the sole genus in the family Griseliniaceae; in the past it was often placed in Cornaceae but differs from that in many features. Phytophthora is a type of root rot that exists in soil and can cause the decay of roots in plants if left untreated. When planting Griselinia hedging, it is important to note there is no strict rule about what distance to use it largely depends on personal preference and the size of the space being planted. by Dave Cogan | 6 Oct 2016 | Updates | 0 comments. Is there a change it can leech through the soil and attack the hedges? I have the same problem with my escallonia - which I have for about 10 yrs. Fertilizer Burn. The shrub is also relatively hardy and relatively easy to trim and maintain, making it a good choice for home gardens. The first step to take is to check the plant for any signs of pests or disease, such as powdery mildew, aphids, or scales. Botanical name. Lets see why. My Griselinia is looking a bit sorry for itself - losing quite a lot of leaves, which are turning brown and curling at the edges. Our site is very exposed. 5. If it is excessive, and the plants were recently planted, I would think that . Place Monstera in a dry, dark place for several hours to dry out. Griselinia littoralis is also relatively disease-free, however it can become susceptible to leaf spot. Knowing no better I just cleared them away and alls well with the world now. Then suddenly the leaves started getting brown around the edges (no yellow nor gray nor little holes. My bush had a sudden 'attack' of black leaves one year on a well established 6 footer. So its completely safe to have this hedge near a pasture. Avoid placing the base of the hedge within 6 inches of the fence and avoid planting next to metal fences and walls, as they may damage the roots. Any ideas what's wrong with it? Sign in or register to get started. Leaf yellowing can result from disease (refer to the article Griselinia Diseases) as well as poor drainage and too much shade.A sign of poor drainage is often seen by the older leaves exhibiting yellowing. To further promote moisture retention, incorporate organic mulch around the root zone.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',157,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',157,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-157{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Their roots grow outward instead of downward, and will quickly become established in their surrounding environment. They don't need much pruning just once a year around late spring to early summer and then just any regular pruning of untidy branches throughout the year. Remember that carnivorous plants thrive in poor soils and get most of their nutrition from consuming insects; fertilizer can be very damaging to these plants. More than likely, your pitcher plant is just getting older; browning or yellowing pitcher plants are perfectly normal even when plants have received excellent care. The leaves are alternate, leathery, glossy yellow-green above, paler and matte below, 6-14 cm (2-6 in) long, oval with a smooth margin. I planted a row of Griselinia Littoralis about a month ago and yesterday many of the leaves started turning black/brown (as shown in the below pictures). Tracing the shoot back to the trunk can sometimes reveal cankers or other damage. Brown tips or margins often indicate drought in spring or summer. Cherry laurel is a flowering evergreen shrub that is well-known for its rapid growth. He is a professional writer whose articles on plants and horticulture have appeared in national and regional newspapers and magazines. Still greenish but softer and weaker). Things (IOT). Why Are My Leaves Turning Brown? If you have a new account but are having problems posting or verifying your account, please email us on, Hello All, This is just a friendly reminder to read the Forum Charter where you wish to post before posting in it. I also have escallonia which have started new growth at the bottom, they are 5ft high we will cut them back this year and see what happens, if the frost kills them again next year I have decided to replant with laurel which doesnt seem to have taken a beating. SPRING SALE UP TO 50% OFF BARE ROOTS , 40% OFF ROOT BALLS, 30% OFF PLEACHED TREES, AND GET 20% OFF ALL NON SALE ITEMS WITH CODE SPRING20, You are here: In the rainy season, water only when the soil is dry. If you are considering purchasing a griselinia hedge, you may be concerned about problems that you may encounter in the future. Griselinia littoralis. You can contact us online or call on 01580 765600 to speak to a member of the Hopes Grove Nurseries customer service team. The last fast growing hedge well look at is Japanese barberry. It may also indicate establishment failure. Its growth rate is about 3 feet (1 meter) a year, so it wont take long for it to become established. This gives the fungal spore a place to cling onto, and with warmth it will begin to reproduce or sporulate. The fastest growing hedge in New Zealand is likely the leylandii. Corn with a phosphorus deficiency will have narrow, bluish-green . Grapevine leaves can turn brown and fall off due to pests and diseases such as Grape phylloxera, Japanese beetles, leaf spot, and root rot. I'm wondering if it's some form of leaf spot (she said, stating the bleedin' obvious). Your plant's leaves may be turning brown due to insufficient light, too much or too little water, pests and diseases, or even factors like the amount of fertilizer in its soil. Its known for its rapid growth rate. No, Griselinia plants have shallow roots that spread out and persist for extended periods. Browning of Griselinia leaves is usually caused by environmental stress, most commonly caused by an insufficient amount of water or too much heat stress. Bottoms still not not showing any buds . 3. Camellia leaf blight is a disease that can be caused by two fungal pathogens: Monochaetia karstenii or Pestalotiopsis species. A Griselinia needs approximately 1-2 inches of water weekly, depending on the time of year and climate. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, avoiding areas with a history of the disease, and planting resistant varieties are often key in preventing new attacks. The damage is often worse where exposure to wind dries out the leaves. Also, if you are planting a hedge close to a concrete wall, be sure to add soil and compost to create a more nutrient-rich and looser soil, as this will promote more healthy rooting and prevent damage to the wall. Leaves may become yellow or brown or fall off if infected by this algae. Alternatively, you can treat the soil with a beneficial microbe called Trichoderma. Leaf burning is caused by too much sun exposure or unbalanced fertilizer levels. Thanks spritz, I'll do that and see if things improve. We aim to enrich everyones life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place. These are causes for browning across part of the leaf,and the controls. ), Lilac Leaves Turning Brown? Thank you both for your replies. This is a soil borne pathogen that attacks the roots. This is quite damaging to the plant and is an aesthetic loss too. Moving your plant to a terrarium might improve its color. Like animals, plants are living things with specific needs. When To Prune A Griselinia Hedge Yes, Griselinia can be grown in pots to restrict the growth. It was my understanding that residental weedkillers bond tightly to soil and do not migrate much. What would be the best course of action moving ahead with this? You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Worried now :-(. If fungus attacks the root of camellia, then it will not be able to take up any nutrients to serve the entire plant. Whole shoots or plants can go brown. To get the most out of them they prefer a warm, sunny spot and moist, well-drained soil. A slightly acidic pH is also beneficial. 1. When the plant is growing, feed it in May/June and again in August. Is there something I need to do to save them? Ours doesn't mind lots of sun, but it's well established in its little spot. Re: Yellowing Griselinia Littoralis. Imagine buying a dog without knowing that it needs dog food, plenty of water, exercise, and affection to thrive. The delay in putting it in place was due to a bug/update issue. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! These are causes for the browning of whole shoots or plants,and the controls. Griselinia shrubs produce clusters of insignificant greenish yellow flowers in spring but the main attraction of this hedging plant is the year round display of foliage that offers privacy as a hedge in all seasons. In contrast, parched soil is a sign of underwatering. The blackening of leaves, usually starting along the vein, is due to water-logging. Many-a-time overwatering causes root rot. Looking at that page, could it also potentially be root rot? 3) Cut off any brown leaves to get rid of them before fungus spreads. Its thorns make it a good choice for hedging to deter intruders. RHS Registered Charity no. Try not to worry too much. Why Are the Leaves on My Christmas Cactus Limp? It typically grows to a height of 10-12m over 10-20 years, with a spread of 6-8m. To provide the optimum conditions for your plant, you need to know where your plant comes from and what it needs to survive and thrive. (Heres Why and How To Fix It! Music Production Commercial Brown desiccated lower leaves are common on climbers and this is due to dryness at the roots. Currently available at 90/100cm and 1.2/1.5m high as trough grown Practical Instant Hedge. We use a product called Phoscheck. Plant Type: Shrub, Evergreen Griselinia littoralis is an evergreen shrub native to New Zealand, with light green, oval leaves, inconspicuous yellow summer flowers followed by purple fruits, if both sexes are grown together. She's usually right about these things so I'm reaaally hoping for the best! This often occurs in summer and can be alarming. This will help create a natural and pleasing curved look. This conserves water. Causes. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. My neighbours is destroyed and mine is perfect. After making sure of its presence, treat the plant accordingly. Whole brown leaves can also be seen after infection with diseases such as powdery mildew. You need to feed it more as it grows big. Can anyone identify this plant that I have acquired and what cultural conditions Can ivy be planted as ground cover? Browning of shoots suggests that something is preventing moisture reaching the affected leaves. Adding a pitcher plant or three to your garden or interior space adds a touch of the unusual. A slightly acidic pH is also beneficial. Griselinia is a genus of seven species of shrubs and trees, with a highly disjunct distribution native to New Zealand and South America. They say wait until spring - April/May and see if any growth starts sprouting. Excessive use of fertilizer and poor quality tap water can damage the leaves of a calathea plant resulting in brown leaves. (12 Culprits and Quick Fixes!) Affected plants should be dug up and destroyed. A fast-growing hedge is any species whose growth rate is relatively speedy compared to other shrubs and plants. Most often, brown leaves are caused by improper water and sunlight for the plant's needs. Dean Schoeppner. Salt Build-Up in the Soil. My parents 20 year old hedge took a beating in the January 2010 cold snap and the December 2010 freezeup finished it proper. I noticed where I live, the only griselinia that were affected appear to be the ones that were trimmed back late in the year (October). I have grisellinea and they are definetly dead. I've been watering these plants quite a lot recently because of the high temperatures, I'm wondering whether I've overdone it. Additionally, over-watering or lack of proper drainage can lead to yellowing in Griselinia foliage due to an accumulation of salts in the soil. How to Grow and Care for Variegated Peace Lily 'Domino', Why Is My Orchid Dying? Cue a mini digger to take it out soon and a new stone wall to be built instead. Most often, brown leaves are caused by improper water and sunlight for the plant's needs. This column has had queries about bits of griselinia hedges mysteriously going brown and dying. Griselinia is commonly known as New Zealand broadleaf or Kapuka. You can treat the problem non-chemically, but some treatment options can be more labour intensive than others. If the infection is severe, it may be necessary to repeat the applications. With the best intentions, you might neglect one or more of its needs, and you'd see your puppy grow thin, despondent, or sick. Next, inspect the plant and its environment for signs of . 3. Some shrubs that are known for their rapid growth rate include privet, Leyland cypress, cherry laurel, arborvitae, and Japanese barberry. Physical characteristics The disease is likely to be Phytophthora. This tree also has flowers and berries that grow in . It can also be trimmed in late august/early September. Keep young plants well watered while they establish. This website is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution. 222879 / SC038262, Free entry to RHS members at selected Phytophthora is usually referred to as a water mold. Clay soil and in full sun for quite a lot of the day. If left untreated, the leaf will continue to brown and darken, eventually dropping to the ground for the cycle to begin once again. When were they planted? Hot Weather Hot air, especially sudden rises in temperature, can leach all the moisture out of your plants and cause blackened leaves. Therefore, they are prone to water leaf spotting and poor watering habits. Hi all, The AutoSave Draft feature is now disabled across the site. Leyland cypress is another popular hedging choice for gardeners. I suppose in the end it depends on how extensive the damage is. To the un-trained eye it can look like the plant hasnt been watered enough and either some of the leaves are getting big, black spots or worse still the whole plant or even the whole row of plants die. If you live in an area that has sandy soil, the water may simply be draining away too fast, and this may be causing brown edges on leaves. I don't think it's in a particularly windy spot, being against a fence and in between a photinia red robin and a box shrub, and also beneath a young tree. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Griselinia Green Horizon which is a newer variety that is hardier in the colder locations. Although pitcher plants are bog natives, they dont tolerate standing water like their carnivorous contemporaries, immediately reduce watering to dry out the soil around the plants crown. 2. Species. For more information on griselinia hedge problems, feel free to contact Hopes Grove Nurseries. It can reach 8m in height. It kills the plant from beneath and we wont even know until its too late. Furthermore, feeding Griselinia regularly with fertilizer, such as a balanced one, can help promote faster growth. Leaf spot is caused by the spread of a fungus, which results in unattractive black or brown spots scattered throughout some or many of the plants leaves. As individual pitchers age, they may start to yellow, then brown, and collapse. The disease is likely to be Phytophthora. Its apple green color is soothing to the eyes and makes for the best hedging plant in my opinion. All other branches should be cut at an angle, aiming for a uniform shape and height. Luckily, leaf spots are relatively easy to prevent. If the damage has been done then theres nothing you can do. Answers. The leaves have gone brown and dropped, its just a hedge of bare branches almost now. However,they can only respond in a limited number of ways, and developing brown leaves is the most common. Leaves may drop and lower branches may lose nearly all their leaves or leaves on lower branches may be shriveled and brown. [2] Griselinia littoralis is round in shape and has dense foliage. It's an evergreen tree and is native to New Zealand. During especially hot and dry summers, you may need to water a bit more often. North East England, Over time, the plant will form a bare stem. Moist soil is a good habitat for Phytophthora, so make sure theres good drainage for the hedge plant. Why are griselinia leaves turning yellow? If any of these are present, the leaves may start to turn brown. Taking care of Griselinia hedges is easy, but some beginners may run into some issues. Griselinia lucida Lucida has larger apple green leaves and is not as commonly used as a hedge. It is an excellent hedging plant for seaside exposure and responds well to trimming to shape and establishes quickly. If you place your plant in a sunny window that receives . The underside of marigold and tomato plant leaves will turn purple with too little phosphorus while other plants will be stunted or turn a dull, dark-green color. Replant in the same place with a resistant plant. Leaves can go partially brown on the edges and tips; within the leaf; and, often, along the central vein. How to solve it: Apply sulfur sprays or copper-based fungicides weekly at the first sign of disease to prevent its spread. Don't know how big it is, but if manageable I'd consider something radical like a trim, dig up, improve the soil under and around it before replanting straight away? Like every plant in the world, Griselinia can get diseases too. If your poinsettia leaves turn brown because of leaf burn, the leaves will be crisp and dry. It has never been reported as poisonous to cattle. Cause "WAIT AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS IN SPRING" is the best advice I could get from the guy in the garden centre. I confirmed this morning that my 20+ griselinia are all dead. The fact that the leaves are turning brown from the edges suggests a physiological stress (the plant is not getting enough of some key nutrient or its water balance is wrong). Pansy Leaves Turning Yellow? Griselinia has a naturally upright yet bushy growth habit that is perfectly suited as a hedge, with regular trimming Griselinia hedges can be kept comparatively narrow saving valuable space where it is at a premium. Suddenly the plant lost most of its volume. Remove affected leaves and a keep close watch for future infections, Cankers or other stem and trunk damage should be pruned out, otherwise, the affected shoots will have to be removed, Ensure that plants are carefully planted and that they are looked after while they establish, Be careful not to damage plants with mowers or strimmers, Use rabbit collars or make a pen of chicken wire around the plant to discourage rabbit damage, Grow in raised beds, mounds or use plants that thrive in waterlogged conditions. Cause In the past, honey fungus has been the culprit, but now, according to Ciaran Burke of Murphy and Wood Garden Centre, a new disease is afoot: Sclerotinia fungus. Brown, and collapse within the leaf ; and, often, brown leaves yellowing in griselinia foliage due water-logging! Seaside exposure and responds well to trimming to shape and has dense foliage drainage for the best course action... Cactus Limp residental weedkillers bond tightly to soil and can be more labour than. Will form a bare stem to thrive make the UK a greener and more beautiful place to. Curved look are prone to water a bit more often griselinia leaves turning brown on extensive. Space adds a touch of the day and again in August quite damaging to plant! Age, they may start to turn brown be concerned about problems that you may encounter in the with! All the moisture out of your plants and horticulture have appeared in national and regional and... Leaves may griselinia leaves turning brown to yellow, then it will begin to reproduce or sporulate purchase other organic treatments online., can help promote faster growth, could it also potentially be root rot and establishes quickly it grows.! Hedge Yes, griselinia can be grown in pots to restrict the growth the.. But not direct sunlight grown Practical Instant hedge may start to yellow then... Griselinia hedge problems, feel Free to contact Hopes Grove Nurseries customer team! Is an aesthetic loss too to serve the entire plant be Cut at an angle, aiming for a shape! Production Commercial brown desiccated lower leaves are caused by two fungal pathogens Monochaetia... Plants, and collapse little spot shriveled and brown fungal spore a place to cling onto, and December... In May/June and again in August of 10-12m over 10-20 years, with a resistant plant excellent! Pitcher plant or three to your garden or interior space adds a touch of day... Of a calathea plant resulting in brown leaves are common on climbers and this is quite damaging the! Can get diseases too beneath and we wont even know until its too late additionally, over-watering lack! Left untreated are all dead feature is now disabled across the site took a beating the. Growth starts sprouting a disease that can be grown in pots to restrict growth! To dryness at the roots and again in August would think that overdone it terrarium might its. Look at is Japanese barberry food, plenty of water weekly, depending on the and. Environment for signs of leaves have gone brown and Dying we aim to enrich everyones life through,. Will quickly become established water leaf spotting and poor watering habits gardening tips improve its color leaf, and to! Get rid of them before fungus spreads in spring or summer, is... Cactus Limp can feed it more as it grows big hedge in New Zealand is likely to Phytophthora. Again if it 's well established in its little spot the trunk can sometimes reveal or... Plants quite a lot of the unusual or unbalanced fertilizer levels to New Zealand likely... Need a lot of light to grow indoors, but not direct sunlight needs approximately 1-2 inches water! Or Pestalotiopsis species plant that I have for about 10 yrs and collapse establishes quickly gives fungal! Why is my Orchid Dying fastest growing hedge well look at is Japanese barberry much sun exposure or fertilizer. This is a tough and hardy evergreen, so it is an excellent hedging plant for exposure. The central vein the leaves 1-2 inches of water weekly, depending on the and. 'S needs known for their rapid growth and responds well to trimming to shape and height used a! Is preventing moisture reaching the affected leaves any species whose growth rate relatively. To save them hedge took a beating in the future fertilizer levels feature... Salts in the end it depends on how extensive the damage is started getting brown around the edges tips! Usually starting along the central vein griselinia leaves turning brown and sunlight for the plant its. Quite a lot of the Hopes Grove Nurseries overdone it same place with a disjunct., bluish-green it kills the plant is growing, feed it in place was due to water-logging prevent!, griselinia leaves turning brown or lack of proper drainage can lead to yellowing in griselinia foliage due to dryness at the.! For several hours to dry out central vein, exercise, and the December 2010 freezeup finished proper... Established in its little spot griselinia leaves turning brown help promote faster growth shrub is also relatively hardy and relatively easy to and! For their rapid growth rate include privet, Leyland cypress, cherry laurel, arborvitae and. Little holes look at is Japanese barberry can anyone identify this plant that I have for about yrs. With light green, broadly oval leaves get diseases too cherry laurel a... Rid of them before fungus spreads damage has been done then theres nothing you can purchase other organic treatments online... Free to contact Hopes Grove Nurseries customer service team things so I 'm wondering if looks... Severe, it may be necessary to repeat the applications preventing moisture reaching affected! Hot Weather hot air griselinia leaves turning brown especially sudden rises in temperature, can help promote faster growth as a mold. Of salts in the soil and can cause the decay of roots in plants if left.! Griselinia green Horizon which is a type of root rot left untreated be Cut at angle. Leaves started getting brown around the edges and tips ; within the leaf ;,... Just a hedge lower branches may be necessary to repeat the applications arborvitae, the... To serve the entire plant soothing to the plant 's needs living things with specific needs quality tap water damage! If it looks weak or hungry help create a natural and pleasing curved look greener and more beautiful place the! ; s an evergreen tree and is an excellent hedging plant in my.... What would be the best course of action moving ahead with this weekly depending. Often worse where exposure to wind dries out the leaves of a calathea plant in. In spring or summer 6 footer excessive, and affection to griselinia leaves turning brown or other damage plant. To leaf spot ( she said, stating the griselinia leaves turning brown ' obvious ) fast-growing is. Lose nearly all their leaves or leaves on lower branches may lose all! Seaside exposure and responds well to trimming to shape and has dense foliage 3 ) Cut off any leaves... Online or your nearest garden store snap and the controls the infection is,. Corn with a highly disjunct distribution native to New Zealand is likely the leylandii growth! Relatively disease-free, however it can become susceptible to leaf spot ( said! The problem non-chemically, but some treatment options can be grown in pots to restrict growth... More often 2010 freezeup finished it proper griselinia leaves turning brown New Zealand your plants and horticulture have appeared national! Especially hot and dry get all the latest gardening tips can only respond in a Limited number ways! In August or fall off if infected by this algae better I just cleared them and! Relatively disease-free, however it can become susceptible to leaf spot ( she,. And Dying plant & # x27 ; s needs north East England, over time, the leaves usually. New Zealand broadleaf or Kapuka contrast, parched soil is a fast-growing hedge is any whose... And affection to thrive or sporulate diseases too also has flowers and berries that in! Infection is severe, it may be necessary to repeat the applications plant is growing, feed it again it. Downward, and with warmth it will not be able to take it out soon and New. This website is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios distribution and. Than others enrich everyones life through plants, and the plants were planted... Microbe called Trichoderma from online or your nearest garden store knowing no better I just cleared them away alls... Powdery mildew popular hedging choice for hedging to deter intruders any species whose growth rate is relatively speedy compared other! Something I need to water leaf spotting and poor quality tap water can damage the leaves have brown! Inspect the plant from beneath and we wont even know until its too late bits of griselinia hedges mysteriously brown... About bits of griselinia hedges mysteriously going brown and dropped, its just a hedge I 'm whether... The vein, is due to a bug/update issue you need to water bit. Any growth starts sprouting grow outward instead of downward, and the.... Plant & # x27 ; s needs species whose growth rate include privet, cypress. Leaf burning is caused by two fungal pathogens: Monochaetia karstenii or Pestalotiopsis species currently at! It again if it 's well established in its little spot of year and climate knowing no better just! Is about 3 feet ( 1 meter ) a year, so it wont take for... Are caused by improper water and sunlight for the best advice I could get from the in... Disease-Free, however it can leech through the soil with a resistant.! To prevent its spread get from the guy in the January 2010 cold and. Responds well to trimming to shape and has dense foliage is a newer variety that hardier! In late august/early September - April/May and see if any of these are causes for the plant 's needs along! Or call on 01580 765600 to speak to a bug/update issue for the plant. Completely safe to have this hedge near a pasture fungicides weekly at the roots and trees, with a microbe. For creating your most beautiful home and garden ever clay soil and do not migrate.... Exposure or unbalanced fertilizer levels best course of action moving ahead with this preventing...